Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP): Physiology, Gastrointestinal Functions,and Therapeutic Potential
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-residue amino acid peptide first characterized in 1970, initially isolated from porcine duodenum [1]. As a member of the secretin/glucagon hormone superfamily [1,2], VIP is evolutionarily well conserved, with sequence similarity among fish, frogs, and humans [3]; among mammals (except guinea pigs and chickens [4]), sequence similarity is at least 85% [5]. VIP was initially discovered due to its potent vasodilatory effects. It is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and cardiovascular systems, where it acts as a neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine releasing factor [5,6]. These effects contribute to a broad range of physiological and pathological processes related to development, growth, and the control of neuronal, epithelial, and endocrine cell function. VIP has also been implicated in the regulation of carcinogenesis, immune responses, and circadian rhythms [7]. This review focuses on current findings related to VIP and its signals in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, specifically regarding secretion, intestinal barrier function, and mucosal immunology.
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